If you have access to a traditional programming language, there are many methods1 to use2 locks in linux3. However, we don't necessarily have access to those methods within a shell script. In addition, using locks over different kinds of filesystems (such as NFS) can also have inconsistencies and bugs.
What if you just want a very simple form of locking that works on all filesystems? The answer is Maildir locking. The way Qmail / Maildir works is specific to mail files, so I'll break it down in a more general way below. You also don't have to strictly follow this method; the general idea can be modified.