etcd Dependency Analysis Report (depstat)

etcd-core-graph.svg

etcd-dep-analysis.md

Etcd Dependency Analysis Report

Project: etcd (main branch, commit a5649248231) Modules: 10 Go modules analyzed (13 total; 3 tools modules auto-excluded by depstat) Analysis date: February 11, 2026 Tool: depstat (built from source)

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1. Executive Summary

Etcd is a CNCF graduated distributed key-value store with a 13-module monorepo architecture. This analysis uses depstat to profile dependency scope, depth, cycles, archived dependencies, and change trends across the 10 non-tools modules (tools modules are excluded by default as they pull in linters and GCP SDK).

Key Findings

Metric	All 10 Modules	Core 8 (excl. tests)
Direct dependencies	87	81
Transitive dependencies	113	113
Total dependencies	141	139
Max dependency depth	12	12

Metric	Value
Non-test dependencies	123
Test-only dependencies	18
Dependency cycles	13 (7 two-node)
Archived dependencies	8

Headlines

• Lean dependency footprint. 141 total dependencies across 10 modules with a max depth of 12 — a well-managed graph for a project of this scope.
• Cycles are minimal and external. Only 13 cycles detected, all originating from external ecosystems (OTel, protobuf, prometheus, x/crypto). No etcd-internal cycles.
• Large dependency diet from v3.5.0 to v3.6.0. Net reduction of 51 deps (92 removed, 41 added), driven by removal of the HashiCorp stack and legacy gRPC/gateway v1 patterns.
• 8 archived dependencies should be tracked for replacement — notably opentracing-go, pkg/errors, json-iterator/go, and google/btree.

---

2. Module Architecture

Etcd uses a 13-module monorepo (via go.work):

go.etcd.io/etcd/
├── go.mod              -> go.etcd.io/etcd/v3
├── api/go.mod          -> go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3
├── cache/go.mod        -> go.etcd.io/etcd/cache/v3
├── client/pkg/go.mod   -> go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3
├── client/v3/go.mod    -> go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3
├── etcdctl/go.mod      -> go.etcd.io/etcd/etcdctl/v3
├── etcdutl/go.mod      -> go.etcd.io/etcd/etcdutl/v3
├── pkg/go.mod          -> go.etcd.io/etcd/pkg/v3
├── server/go.mod       -> go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3
├── tests/go.mod        -> go.etcd.io/etcd/tests/v3
├── tools/mod/go.mod    -> go.etcd.io/etcd/tools/v3          (excluded)
├── tools/rw-heatmaps/  -> go.etcd.io/etcd/tools/rw-heatmaps/v3  (excluded)
└── tools/testgrid/     -> go.etcd.io/etcd/tools/testgrid-analysis/v3 (excluded)

Module Dependency Layering

v3 (main)
├── tests/v3
│   ├── etcdctl/v3
│   ├── etcdutl/v3 -> server/v3
│   └── server/v3
├── etcdctl/v3 -> client/v3
├── etcdutl/v3 -> server/v3
├── server/v3
│   ├── client/v3 -> api/v3, client/pkg/v3
│   ├── pkg/v3 -> client/pkg/v3
│   └── api/v3
├── cache/v3 -> client/v3
└── tools/v3 (independent, pulls in linters + GCP SDK)

---

3. Dependency Statistics

All 10 Modules (excl. tools)

Metric	Value
Direct Dependencies	87
Transitive Dependencies	113
Total (deduplicated)	141
Max Dependency Depth	12

Core 8 Modules (excl. tools + tests)

Metric	Value
Direct Dependencies	81
Transitive Dependencies	113
Total (deduplicated)	139
Max Dependency Depth	12

Test vs Non-Test Split

Category	Count
Non-test	123
Test-only	18
Combined	141

---

4. Graph Characteristics

Top In-Degree Dependencies (most depended upon)

Rank	Module	In-Degree	Out-Degree
1	go (stdlib)	33	0
2	golang.org/x/sys	30	1
3	gopkg.in/yaml.v3	29	1
4	github.com/davecgh/go-spew	27	0
5	github.com/stretchr/testify	27	4
6	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib	26	0
7	google.golang.org/protobuf	23	4
8	golang.org/x/net	22	5
9	golang.org/x/text	20	4
10	github.com/google/go-cmp	18	1

Top Out-Degree Modules (most fan-out)

Rank	Module	Out-Degree	In-Degree
1	go.etcd.io/etcd/tests/v3	88	1
2	go.etcd.io/etcd/v3	83	0
3	go.etcd.io/etcd/etcdutl/v3	70	2
4	go.etcd.io/etcd/server/v3	69	3
5	go.etcd.io/etcd/etcdctl/v3	37	2
6	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3	33	5
7	google.golang.org/grpc	32	17
8	github.com/prometheus/common	26	7
9	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc	25	4
10	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/v2	22	6

Figure 1. Full dependency graph (10 modules):

Figure 2. Core dependency graph (8 modules, excl. tools + tests):

---

5. Cycles

Metric	Value
Total cycles	13
2-node cycles	7

Two-Node Cycles

Cycle	Ecosystem
github.com/golang/protobuf ↔ google.golang.org/protobuf	Protobuf
github.com/prometheus/client_golang ↔ github.com/prometheus/common	Prometheus
go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk ↔ go.opentelemetry.io/otel	OTel
go.opentelemetry.io/otel ↔ go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric	OTel
go.opentelemetry.io/otel ↔ go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace	OTel
go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk ↔ go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric	OTel
golang.org/x/crypto ↔ golang.org/x/net	Go stdlib extended

Top Cycle Participants

Module	Cycle Count
go.opentelemetry.io/otel	7
go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk	4
go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric	4
go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace	4
golang.org/x/net	3

All cycles originate from external ecosystems. No etcd-internal cycles.

---

6. Archived Dependencies

8 archived dependencies detected:

Module	Version	Repository
census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto	v0.2.1	GitHub
client9/misspell	v0.3.4	GitHub
golang/mock	v1.1.1	GitHub
google/btree	v1.1.3	GitHub
json-iterator/go	v1.1.12	GitHub
opentracing/opentracing-go	v1.1.0	GitHub
pkg/errors	v0.8.1	GitHub
golang/lint	v0.0.0-2019...	GitHub

Priority replacements:

• opentracing-go → already superseded by OTel (likely transitive only)
• pkg/errors → use fmt.Errorf with %w or stdlib errors
• json-iterator/go → use encoding/json or go-json
• golang/mock → use go.uber.org/mock (maintained fork)
• google/btree → check if still needed or switch to stdlib generics

---

7. Release Diff: v3.5.0 → v3.6.0

Summary

Metric	v3.5.0	v3.6.0	Delta
Direct Deps	51	87	+36
Transitive Deps	178	113	-65
Total Deps	192	141	-51
Max Depth	12	12	±0

Module graph: +41 added, -92 removed, ~70 version changes

Major Removals (92 deps removed)

• HashiCorp stack removed — consul, serf, memberlist, hcl, viper, and 15+ related modules
• Legacy gRPC ecosystem — grpc-gateway v1, go-grpc-prometheus, coreos-era deps (coreos/bbolt, coreos/etcd, coreos/go-systemd, coreos/pkg)
• GCP SDK mass removal — cloud.google.com/go/* (bigquery, datastore, firestore, pubsub, storage)
• Deprecated JWT — dgrijalva/jwt-go, form3tech-oss/jwt-go
• Misc cleanup — shurcooL, smartystreets, mitchellh/*, urfave/cli

Major Additions (41 deps added)

• OTel stack — go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk, contrib/detectors/gcp, otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc
• CEL + protovalidate — github.com/google/cel-go, buf.build/gen/go/bufbuild/protovalidate
• Raft extraction — go.etcd.io/raft/v3 (moved to separate module)
• Modern gRPC middleware — go-grpc-middleware/v2, grpc-gateway/v2
• Modern JWT — golang-jwt/jwt/v5

Figure 3. Diff graph (v3.5.0 → v3.6.0):

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8. Why-Traces (Key Dependencies)

gRPC (google.golang.org/grpc)

Directly depended on by 17 modules (8 etcd modules + 9 external).

Core RPC transport for etcd's client-server communication. Every etcd module from api/v3 through tests/v3 directly depends on gRPC.

Key etcd modules: api/v3, client/v3, etcdctl/v3, etcdutl/v3, pkg/v3, server/v3, tests/v3, v3

Figure 4. Why-trace for gRPC:

OpenTelemetry (go.opentelemetry.io/otel)

Directly depended on by 12 modules (4 etcd modules + 8 OTel/external).

Tracing and metrics across server/client flows. Etcd modules etcdutl/v3, server/v3, tests/v3, v3 directly depend on OTel.

Figure 5. OTel dependency subgraph:

bbolt (go.etcd.io/bbolt)

Directly depended on by 4 etcd modules: etcdutl/v3, server/v3, tests/v3, v3.

Embedded B+tree storage engine for etcd's persistence layer. All paths are short (1-2 hops from main modules).

Figure 6. Why-trace for bbolt:

Prometheus (github.com/prometheus/client_golang)

Directly depended on by 7 modules (5 etcd modules + 2 external).

Metrics instrumentation used throughout etcd. Enters the graph via client/v3 and propagates to etcdctl/v3, etcdutl/v3, server/v3, tests/v3, v3.

Figure 7. Why-trace for Prometheus client:

zap (go.uber.org/zap)

Directly depended on by 9 modules (8 etcd modules + 1 external).

Logging infrastructure rooted in client/pkg/v3 and propagated to nearly every etcd module.

Key etcd modules: client/pkg/v3, client/v3, etcdctl/v3, etcdutl/v3, pkg/v3, server/v3, tests/v3, v3

Figure 8. Why-trace for zap:

---

9. Recommendations

1. Replace archived dependencies — prioritize opentracing-go, pkg/errors, json-iterator/go, and golang/mock (see Section 6).
2. Monitor OTel cycle complexity — OTel accounts for 7 of 13 cycles. As the OTel ecosystem matures, these may resolve upstream.
3. Track tools module separately — the 3 tools modules are excluded from this analysis by design; consider periodic audits to prevent transitive bloat from linters.
4. Continue dependency diet — the v3.5→v3.6 reduction of 51 deps was significant. Consider further pruning of indirect GCP/cloud deps that may no longer be needed.

---

10. Reproducibility

All commands run from the etcd repo root:

# Stats
depstat stats --json
depstat stats --json --exclude-modules "go.etcd.io/etcd/tools/*" --exclude-modules "go.etcd.io/etcd/tests/*"
depstat stats --split-test-only --json

# Graph
depstat graph --svg > etcd-full-graph.svg
depstat graph --svg --exclude-modules "go.etcd.io/etcd/tools/*" --exclude-modules "go.etcd.io/etcd/tests/*" > etcd-core-graph.svg
depstat graph --top both

# Cycles
depstat cycles --summary --json

# Archived
GITHUB_TOKEN=$(gh auth token) depstat archived --json

# Diff
depstat diff v3.5.0 v3.6.0 --verbose
depstat diff v3.5.0 v3.6.0 --svg > etcd-diff-v35-v36.svg

# Why-traces
depstat why google.golang.org/grpc --svg > etcd-why-grpc.svg
depstat graph -p go.opentelemetry.io/otel --svg > etcd-why-otel.svg
depstat why go.etcd.io/bbolt --svg > etcd-why-bbolt.svg
depstat why github.com/prometheus/client_golang --svg --max-paths 50 > etcd-why-client_golang.svg
depstat why go.uber.org/zap --svg > etcd-why-zap.svg

etcd-diff-v35-v36.svg

etcd-full-graph.svg

etcd-why-bbolt.svg

etcd-why-client_golang.svg

etcd-why-grpc.svg

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etcd-why-raft.svg

etcd-why-v3.svg

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